- The world of the novel is a grim one.

- Billy’s life is miserable; he has nothing to look forward to.

- Kes gives him a purpose in life, it is a means of escape from the life he leads.

- The adult figures largely don’t care about the younger characters.

- The description of the scenes reflect the beauty of nature when Billy is with Kes and the dark, depressing side of nature when Billy is at home.

- The comedy in the novel ridicules most of the adult figures, particularly most of the teachers and Billy's family.

- Mr Farthing seems to be the only one genuinely interested in Billy’s talents.

- Life will carry on as it always has done after the novel ends.