Introduction to Organic Chemistry

The following topics are covered in this Section:

  • Basic concepts
  • Alkenes
  • Hydrocarbons from oil
  • Alcohols
  • Alkane
  • Halogenoalkanes

 Basic concepts

  • After studying this section you should be able to:
  • understand the different types of formula used for organic compound
  • understand the terms saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon
  • understand what is meant by structural isomerism
  • recognise the alkanes and alkyl groups
  • understand what is meant by a homologous series
  • recognise common functional groups
  • apply rules for naming simple organic compounds
  • understand the difference between homolytic and heterolytic fission
  • calculate percentage yields

Types of formula

In organic chemistry, there are many ways of representing a formula. 

For the compound butane, with 4 carbon atoms and 10 hydrogen atoms:



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Carbon chains

Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons are compounds of carbon and hydrogen only.

  • A saturated hydrocarbon has single bonds only.

  • An unsaturated hydrocarbon contains a multiple carbon carbon bond.

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Alkanes

Carbon atoms can bond with other carbon atoms to form an enormous range of compounds with different carbon-chain lengths. The simplest organic compounds are a family of saturated hydrocarbons called the alkanes, shown below.

 

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Note the following points.

  • The name of the alkane ends with –ane.
  • The prefixes (meth-, eth-, …) are used to represent the number of carbon atoms. You will need to use these many times in organic chemistry and they must be learnt.

General formula

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Homologous series

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Note that physical properties, such as boiling point and density, do gradually change as the length of the carbon chain increases.

 

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