Pragmatic Development
Pragmatic Development - What do words do?
Language functions
Michael Halliday’s ‘Learning how to mean’ proposed seven main ‘functions’ that spurred a child to want to use language.
FUNCTION |
WHAT IT IS |
WHAT IT’S USED FOR |
INSTRUMENTAL |
Language used to fulfil a speaker’s need |
Directly concerned with obtaining food, drink comfort etc . eg ‘I want’ |
REGULATORY |
Used to influence the behaviour of others |
Persuading / commanding / requesting other people do as you want ‘daddy push’ (child on swing) |
INTERACTIONAL |
Used to develop social relationships and ease interaction |
The Phatic dimension of talk eg ‘hello’ |
PERSONAL
|
Used to express personal preferences / the speaker’s identity |
Sometimes referred to the ‘here I am!’ function – conveys attitudes, expresses feelings |
INFORMATIVE |
Used to communicate information |
Relaying or requesting information eg ‘I got a new doll |
HEURISTIC |
Used to learn and explore the environment |
Using language to learn – this may be questions or answers or the kind of running commentary that accompanies child’s play |
IMAGINATIVE |
used to explore the imagination |
May also accompany play as children create imaginary worlds / may arise from story telling. Also jokes, songs etc |
This can be a complex system which is difficult to apply to data, therefore, John Dore’s ‘Infant Language Functions’ is a lot simpler to learn.
FUNCTION |
EXAMPLE |
LABELLING |
Naming or identifying a person, object or experience |
REPEATING |
Echoing something spoken by an adult speaker |
ANSWERING |
Giving a direct response to an utterance from another speaker |
REQUESTING ACTION |
Demanding food, drink, toy, assistance etc |
CALLING |
Attracting attention by shouting |
GREETING |
Pretty self explanatory |
PROTESTING |
Objecting to requests etc |
PRACTISING |
Using and repeating language when no adult is present |