New and Emerging Technologies

This section explains new and emerging Technologies in Design and Technology. The integration of new and emerging technologies in design and technology has revolutionised industries, enterprises, and society. While these technologies offer many benefits, such as increased efficiency, improved sustainability, and enhanced creativity, they also pose challenges related to job displacement, ethical concerns, and environmental impact. As technology continues to evolve, it is essential for designers and engineers to consider both the positive and negative effects of their decisions on industry, society, and the environment.

Impact on Industry

Automation

Automation refers to the use of control systems, such as computers or robots, to perform tasks that were traditionally done by humans. In industries, automation is used to improve efficiency, reduce costs, and increase production speed. For example, in car manufacturing, robots are used for tasks such as welding, painting, and assembly, reducing the need for manual labour. However, automation can lead to job losses and requires significant investment in technology.

Robotics

Robots are increasingly used in industries such as manufacturing, healthcare, and logistics. They are able to carry out tasks with high precision and speed, often in dangerous or hazardous environments. For example, in the electronics industry, robots can assemble tiny components with great accuracy. While robots improve productivity, they can also lead to unemployment in manual labour sectors and may require new skills from workers.

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

AI is used to enhance decision-making, predict trends, and improve product design. In manufacturing, AI can be used for predictive maintenance, where machines are monitored and data is analysed to anticipate breakdowns before they occur. In retail, AI can help personalise customer experiences by recommending products based on browsing history. However, the use of AI raises concerns over data privacy and the ethical implications of machines making decisions that affect human lives.

Specialist Buildings

New technologies have also led to the development of specialist buildings designed to accommodate complex processes. For example, factories that use advanced manufacturing technologies like 3D printing or precision engineering require specialised environments to maintain optimal conditions for production. These buildings often incorporate sustainable features, such as energy-efficient systems or eco-friendly materials.

Impact on Enterprise

Crowdfunding

Crowdfunding platforms like Kickstarter or GoFundMe allow entrepreneurs to raise funds for new ideas by asking large groups of people to contribute small amounts of money. This has democratised access to capital, allowing smaller businesses and startups to compete with larger corporations. Crowdfunding also helps validate ideas, as backers pledge money only if they believe in the product or service.

Virtual Marketing and Retail

With the rise of the internet, virtual marketing and retail have become critical for businesses. Companies use websites, social media, and online advertising to reach customers worldwide. E-commerce platforms like Amazon and eBay allow businesses to sell products without a physical storefront, while virtual reality (VR) allows customers to experience products or services remotely. Virtual marketing is more cost-effective, but it also means businesses face fierce global competition.

Cooperatives

A cooperative is a business owned and run by its members, who share the profits. The advantage of cooperatives is that they prioritise people over profit, offering fair wages and democratic decision-making. In design and technology, cooperatives are increasingly being used to promote ethical production methods and support local businesses. This approach can be especially effective in niche markets where sustainability and community values are important.

Fair Trade

Fair trade focuses on providing better trading conditions for producers in developing countries. Fair trade products, such as coffee or chocolate, are sourced from companies that pay fair wages and ensure sustainable farming practices. The impact of fair trade on enterprise is significant, as it supports ethical business practices and helps build strong, sustainable economies in poorer regions.

Impact on Sustainability

Finite Resources

Finite resources are those that have a limited supply, such as fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) and certain metals. The depletion of these resources is a major concern in design and manufacturing, prompting the need for alternative materials and renewable energy sources. The use of renewable materials, recycling, and the development of new technologies to reduce dependence on finite resources are essential to ensuring long-term sustainability.

Non-finite Resources

Non-finite resources, such as solar energy, wind energy, and water, are renewable and can be replenished naturally. In recent years, the focus has been on harnessing these resources through technologies like solar panels, wind turbines, and hydropower. These technologies have the potential to provide clean, sustainable energy for industries, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and helping to combat climate change.

Waste Disposal

Efficient waste disposal and recycling systems are critical for sustainability. Many industries are adopting circular economy models, where products are designed with the intention of being reused or recycled. For example, electronic devices are increasingly being designed to be disassembled, allowing valuable components to be reused or recycled. Waste management practices in manufacturing are also being improved to reduce landfill waste and minimise environmental impact.

Impact on the Environment

Continuous Improvement

Continuous improvement refers to the ongoing effort to enhance processes, products, and systems. In the context of design and technology, this can mean adopting more sustainable production methods, improving energy efficiency, or reducing waste. Companies are increasingly focusing on sustainability, using technologies like machine learning to identify areas for improvement and reduce environmental impacts.

Efficient Working

Efficiency in the workplace is essential to reducing resource consumption and minimising environmental damage. In manufacturing, for example, efficient working techniques like lean production or Just-In-Time (JIT) manufacturing can help reduce waste and energy consumption. The adoption of smart technologies, such as sensors and automation systems, allows businesses to monitor and optimise energy use, improving overall efficiency.

Pollution

Pollution is a major environmental issue, and industries are under increasing pressure to reduce their impact on air, water, and soil quality. New technologies are being developed to mitigate pollution, such as filters that remove harmful chemicals from industrial emissions or water treatment plants that clean wastewater. The move towards electric vehicles and renewable energy sources also helps reduce pollution in transportation and energy generation.

Global Warming

Global warming is driven by the increase in greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and industries are significant contributors to this issue. New technologies aim to reduce the carbon footprint of production processes. For example, the use of electric vehicles, energy-efficient manufacturing processes, and sustainable materials can help lower emissions and reduce the effects of global warming.

Impact on People

New and emerging technologies can have both positive and negative impacts on people. On the positive side, automation and AI can improve safety and reduce the risk of human error. In healthcare, for example, robotic surgery can enable more precise operations. However, these technologies can also displace jobs, particularly in manufacturing and service sectors, creating challenges for workers who need retraining. The increasing reliance on technology can also lead to social isolation and mental health issues, particularly as people spend more time online and less time engaging in face-to-face interaction.

Impact on Culture

The rapid adoption of new technologies can change cultural norms and behaviours. For instance, the rise of social media and digital communication has transformed how people interact and share information. Technology also affects how people view creativity and innovation, with digital tools like 3D printing, computer-aided design (CAD), and virtual reality enabling new forms of artistic expression and design. However, technology can also lead to cultural homogenisation, where global products and ideas dominate, potentially eroding local traditions and cultures.

Impact on Society

Emerging technologies can dramatically alter society. The use of AI in public services, for instance, can improve decision-making and make processes more efficient, but it may also raise concerns about privacy and surveillance. Similarly, automation in industries can lead to job displacement, affecting communities that depend on traditional manufacturing or service jobs. On the other hand, technologies like the internet and mobile communication have connected people globally, facilitating the exchange of ideas and cultural understanding.

Production Techniques and Systems

New technologies have led to the development of advanced production techniques and systems. Examples include:

• 3D Printing: A technology that allows manufacturers to create three-dimensional objects from digital files. It is used in industries ranging from automotive to healthcare.
• Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS): These systems allow for rapid reconfiguration of production lines, enabling manufacturers to produce a variety of products without significant downtime.
• Robotic Process Automation (RPA): This involves using robots to carry out repetitive tasks, reducing labour costs and increasing precision.

Informing Design Decisions

New technologies inform design decisions by providing designers with tools to create more precise, innovative, and sustainable products. Computer-Aided Design (CAD) software, for example, allows designers to visualise and test their ideas before physical prototypes are made. Simulations and virtual testing can save time and resources, reducing the need for trial and error. Additionally, data collected from production systems can be used to improve future designs and make them more efficient and sustainable.