Building Trade Networks with France (c.790–1560)

This section explores how England began to build trading routes across Europe. In both the early and late medieval periods, England stood as one of the wealthiest and best-governed kingdoms in Europe. However, its commercial potential was significantly hindered by the Viking raids and invasions that took place between the 9th and 11th centuries. During this turbulent period, England found itself absorbed into a variety of larger kingdoms and territories, including Cnut’s North Sea Empire and the Duchy of Normandy, controlled by William the Conqueror.

The connection with France forged during these times proved to be particularly important for England’s future development throughout the Middle Ages. Several key changes shaped England’s commercial and political landscape, marking a shift in focus and opportunities:

A Shift in Trade Focus

Prior to the Viking invasions, England had looked towards Scandinavia and the North Sea as its primary trading partners. However, as Europe, particularly the continent’s western regions, began to prosper, England’s trade networks expanded towards France and other parts of continental Europe. English wool merchants, for example, found lucrative markets in Normandy, Flanders, and France, cementing crucial commercial links.

The Impact of Norman Conquest

As the Norman conquerors solidified their hold on England, their perception of themselves as the rightful rulers of both England and Normandy further boosted trade. King Henry II, who came to power in the 12th century, notably expanded England’s influence with the acquisition of vast territories in France. His creation of the Angevin Empire, a large collection of lands across France and beyond, significantly enhanced commercial opportunities for English merchants. The Angevin Empire effectively linked England with key European trade routes, creating new prospects for trade with various merchants from across the continent.

Trade Beyond Europe

The reach of England’s trade grew even further during this period. Due to the extensive nature of the Angevin Empire, English merchants were able to access goods from regions beyond Europe, notably the Middle East. As a result, exotic and valuable commodities such as silk, spices, and other luxury goods began to flow into England, where they were distributed through the major towns and cities. This marked the beginning of a more globalised trade network that connected England not only to Europe but also to distant lands.

In conclusion, the period of Viking invasions and Norman conquest, while disruptive, ultimately laid the groundwork for England’s integration into a wider European and even global economy. The trade links established with France during this time played a pivotal role in England’s economic growth, as the country transitioned from reliance on Scandinavian routes to a flourishing network of continental trade that would continue to shape its future for centuries.